輔音

肺部氣流輔音
雙脣 脣齒 齒齦 齦後 齦齶 捲舌 硬齶 軟齶 小舌 會厭
邊擦
邊近
邊閃

輔音對:清 濁

ȹ = p̪ ȸ = b̪

非肺部氣流輔音
內爆
非肺部氣流輔音
內爆
ʘ 雙脣 ɓ 雙脣 譬如:
ǀ ɗ 齒齦 雙脣
ǃ 齒齦(後) ʄ 硬齶 齒齦
ǂ 齶齒齦 ɠ 軟齶 軟齶
ǁ 齒齦邊 ʛ 小舌 齒齦擦
塞擦音
協同調音輔音
ɕ ʑ
塞擦音和雙重調音輔音
連音符 合字 描述
t͡s ʦ 清齒齦塞擦音
d͡z ʣ 濁齒齦塞擦音
t͡ʃ ʧ 清齦後塞擦音
d͡ʒ ʤ 濁齦後塞擦音
t͡ɕ ʨ 清齒齦-齶塞擦音
d͡ʑ ʥ 濁齒齦-齶塞擦音
t͡ɬ 清齒齦邊塞擦音
k͡p 清脣-軟齶爆音
ɡ͡b 濁脣-軟齶爆音
ŋ͡m 脣-軟齶鼻塞音
協同調音輔音
ʍ 脣-軟齶清擦音
w 脣-軟齶濁近音
ɥ 脣-硬齶濁近音
ɕ ʑ 齒齦-齶擦音
ɧ 同時ʃ和x
k͜p t͡s 若有必要,塞擦音及雙重調音輔音可用連音符連接兩箇字母

元音

元音
次前 次後
出位 · · ·
· · ·
次高 · ·   ·
中高 · · ·
· ·
中低 · · ·
次低 ·
· ·

元音對:不圓脣 · 圓脣

ɿ = z̩ ʅ = ʐ̩ ʮ = z̩ʷ ʯ = ʐ̩ʷ ᴀ = ä ᴇ = e̞ ᵻ = ɪ̈ ᵿ = ʊ̈

附加符號

附加符號
音節
ɹ̩ n̩ 音節性 e̯ ʊ̯ 非音節性
除阻
送氣 無聲除阻
dⁿ 鼻除阻 邊除阻
發聲態
n̥ d̥ 清化 s̬ t̬ 濁化
b̤ a̤ 氣化/弛化 b̰ a̰ 嘎裂化
調音
t̪ d̪ 齒化 t̼ d̼ 舌脣化
t̺ d̺ 舌櫼化 t̻ d̻ 舌葉化
u̟ t̟ 偏前 i̠ t̠ 偏後
央化 e̽ ɯ̽ 中央化
e̝ ɹ̝ 偏高 (ɹ̝ = 齒齦濁擦音)
˔
e̞ β̞ 偏低 (β̞ = 雙脣濁近音)
˕
協同調音
ɔ̹ x̹ 更圓 ɔ̜ x̜ʷ 略展
tʷ dʷ 脣化或脣-軟齶化 tʲ dʲ 齶化
tˠ dˠ 軟齶化 tˤ aˤ 咽化
tᶣ dᶣ 脣-齶化 ɫ 軟齶化或咽化
e̘ o̘ 舌根前伸 e̙ o̙ 舌根後縮
鼻化 日化

下方附加符號可放在有降部字母上方,譬如: ŋ̊ ŋ̍ ȷ̈

無點i,‹ı›,用于點干擾附加符號時。其他國際音標字母可用作附加符號變體:tˢ(擦除阻),bʱ(氣化/弛化),ˀa(喉開頭),ᵊ(插中性元音),oᶷ(複元音化)。“國際音標的擴展”引入了補充附加符號,主要用于言語病理學。

超音段音位

長短、重音、節奏
ˈa 主重音 ˌa 次重音
aː kː 半長
ə̆ 超短 a.a 音節閒隔
s‿a 連接 (閒隔不出現)
語調
小韻律羣/音步羣 大韻律羣/語調群
整體上升 整體下降
聲調
e̋ ˥ 超高 ě ˩˥
é ˦ ê ˥˩
ē ˧ e᷄ ˧˥ 高升
è ˨ e᷅ ˩˥ 低升
ȅ ˩ 超低 e᷇ ˥˧ 高降
e᷆ ˧˩ 低降
ꜛke 升階 e᷉ ˧˩˧ 降升
ꜜke 降階 e᷈ ˧˥˧ 升降
聲調
五度標記
單字調
連續變調
聲調
調類
廢棄和非標準符號
Symbol or exemplar Name Value IPA equivalent Notes
? question mark glottal stop [ʔ]
ƍ turned small delta labialized voiced alveolo-dental fricative [ðʷ, zʷ]
σ small sigma labialized voiceless alveolo-dental fricative [θʷ, sʷ]
ƺ ezh with tail labialized voiced postalveolar fricative [ʒʷ]
ƪ reversed esh with top loop labialized voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃʷ]
ƻ barred two voiced alveolar affricate [d͡z] withdrawn 1976
ƾ voiceless alveolar affricate [t͡s] Withdrawn 1976
ƞ right-leg N syllabic n [n̩] withdrawn 1976
ƫ left-hook T palatalized t [tʲ] withdrawn 1989
ʓ curly-tail ezh voiced alveolo-palatal(ized) fricative [ʒʲ] or [ʑ] withdrawn 1989
ʆ curly-tail esh voiceless alveolo-palatal(ized) fricative [ʃʲ] or [ɕ] withdrawn 1989
λ lambda voiced alveolar lateral affricate [d͡ɮ] Used by Americanists
ƛ lambda bar voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ] Used by Americanists
ł l bar voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ] Used by Americanists
š č ž s c z with caron postalveolars [ʃ], [t͡ʃ], [ʒ] Used by Americanists, Slavicists
ǰ, ǧ, ǯ j, g, ezh with caron voiced postalveolar affricate [d͡ʒ] Used by Americanists, Slavicists etc.
x with dot voiceless uvular fricative [χ] Used by Americanists
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Baby_gamma.svg/10px-Baby_gamma.svg.png baby gamma close-mid back unrounded vowel [ɤ] rejected 1989; Unicode LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) represents either glyph
ᵻ / ᵿ barred small capital I / upsilon near-close central unrounded / rounded vowel [ɨ̞ / ʉ̞] used by the OED among others
Ǝ small capital turned E close-mid near-back unrounded vowel used by some Koreanologists who study Gyeongsang dialect, where there is no phonemic differentiation between /ʌ/ (RR eo; Hangul ㅓ) and /ɯ/ (RR eu; Hangul ㅡ).
ʚ closed epsilon open-mid central rounded vowel [ɞ] a misprint of ɞ
ɷ closed omega near-close near-back rounded vowel [ʊ] rejected 1989
ω omega near-close near-back unrounded vowel [ʊ̜] Made by analogy to ɜ and ɞ from ɷ or ʊ symbol.
ı dotless small i near-close near-front unrounded vowel [ɪ] a mistake
ȹ ȸ voiceless and voiced labiodental plosive [p̪ b̪] used in Africanist linguistics
∅ or Ø slashed 0 or uppercase slashed O null initial Usually used in phonology to mean "no sound values." However, in Chinese linguistics, some scholars considered it as "weak" glottal stop or something similar as sound value of the "existent" first consonant of syllables started by a vowel (e.g. ān in Tiān'ānmén), and this opinion can be connected with ㅇ (ieung) in hangul. ∅ can be confusing with close-mid front rounded vowel [ø].
ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ hooktop P, T, C, K, Q voiceless implosives [ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̊] withdrawn in 1993
ʇ turned T dental click [ǀ] superseded 1989
ʗ stretched C alveolar click [ǃ] superseded 1989
ʖ inverted glottal stop alveolar lateral click [ǁ] superseded 1989
ʞ turned K velar click Proposed symbol withdrawn 1970; articulation judged impossible
ɩ small iota near-close near-front unrounded vowel [ɪ] rejected 1989
ɼ long-leg R voiced strident apico-alveolar trill (Czech ř) [r̝] withdrawn 1989
g looptail g voiced velar plosive [ɡ] The standard Unicode Basic Latin/ASCII lower-case g (U+0067) may have a "looptail g" glyph; the preferred IPA "open-tail g" (U+0261) is in the IPA Extensions Unicode block
ȣ ou close-mid back unrounded vowel or voiced velar fricative [ɤ] or [ɣ] a mistake in either case
я reversed ʀ or Cyrillic ya voiced epiglottal trill
ɿ reversed fishhook R / turned iota apical dental unrounded vowel [z̩] used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists studying the phonology of the Miyako language
ʅ squat reversed esh (actually ɿ with retroflex tail) apical retroflex unrounded vowel [ʐ̩] used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels
ʮ turned h with fishhook apical dental rounded vowel [z̩ʷ] used by Sinologists
ʯ turned h with fishhook and tail apical retroflex rounded vowel [ʐ̩ʷ] used by Sinologists
small capital A open central vowel any of [ä a̱ ɑ̈ ɑ̞ ɐ̞] used by Sinologists
small capital A open back unrounded vowel [ɑ] superseded 1900
small capital E mid front unrounded vowel [e̞] or [ɛ̝] used by Sinologists and some Koreanologists
G R Œ etc. uppercase letters [ɢ ʀ ɶ] etc. Uppercase alternatives to symbols shaped like small capitals
Q small capital Q gemination [kk tt] or [kː tː] etc. Used in Japanese phonology to represent the Sokuon.
   belted Voiceless lateral fricatives (retroflex, palatal and velar) [ɭ̥̝ ʎ̥̝ ʟ̥̝]
ɑ̢ etc. underdot ("retroflex" or r-colored vowels) [ɑ˞] etc.
ȡ ȶ ȵ ȴ etc. or d̂ t̂ n̂ l̂ etc. curl or circumflex alveolo-palatal used by Sinologists
k', etc. no audible release [k̚], etc. Withdrawn
d̡ t̡ etc. subscript left hook palatalization [dʲ tʲ] etc. superseded 1989
etc. subscript w labialization [kʷ] etc. superseded 1989
K P T etc. uppercase letters (not small capitals) fortis [k͈ p͈ t͈], etc. used by some Koreanologists
ɔ̗ / ɔ̖ etc. lower-pitched rising / falling tone contour In a language which distinguishes more than one rising or falling tone.
k‘ t‘ or kʻ tʻ left quote or reversed comma "weak" (or sometimes "normal") aspiration [k t] (sometimes [kʰ tʰ]) First symbol may be left single quotation mark (U+2018) or modifier letter apostrophe (U+02BC); second symbol may be single high-reversed-9 quotation mark (U+201B) or modifier letter reversed comma (U+02BD)
ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ etc. ligatures affricates [ts dz tʃ dʒ] etc. or [t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] etc. Formerly an acceptable variant
[p′] etc. prime palatalization [pʲ] etc. Traditional in accounts of Irish phonology

修改自 https://bitbucket.org/daujyungx/ipa_map/ (版本 2011-07-31)