廢棄和非標準符號
| Symbol or
exemplar |
Name |
Value |
IPA
equivalent |
Notes |
| ? |
question mark |
glottal stop |
[ʔ] |
|
| ƍ |
turned small delta |
labialized voiced alveolo-dental fricative |
[ðʷ, zʷ] |
|
| σ |
small sigma |
labialized voiceless alveolo-dental fricative |
[θʷ, sʷ] |
|
| ƺ |
ezh with tail |
labialized voiced postalveolar fricative |
[ʒʷ] |
|
| ƪ |
reversed esh with top loop |
labialized voiceless postalveolar fricative |
[ʃʷ] |
|
| ƻ |
barred two |
voiced alveolar affricate |
[d͡z] |
withdrawn 1976 |
| ƾ |
|
voiceless alveolar affricate |
[t͡s] |
Withdrawn 1976 |
| ƞ |
right-leg N |
syllabic n |
[n̩] |
withdrawn 1976 |
| ƫ |
left-hook T |
palatalized t |
[tʲ] |
withdrawn 1989 |
| ʓ |
curly-tail ezh |
voiced alveolo-palatal(ized) fricative |
[ʒʲ] or [ʑ] |
withdrawn 1989 |
| ʆ |
curly-tail esh |
voiceless alveolo-palatal(ized) fricative |
[ʃʲ] or [ɕ] |
withdrawn 1989 |
| λ |
lambda |
voiced alveolar lateral affricate |
[d͡ɮ] |
Used by Americanists |
| ƛ |
lambda bar |
voiceless alveolar lateral affricate |
[t͡ɬ] |
Used by Americanists |
| ł |
l bar |
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative |
[ɬ] |
Used by Americanists |
| š č ž |
s c z with caron |
postalveolars |
[ʃ], [t͡ʃ], [ʒ] |
Used by Americanists, Slavicists |
| ǰ, ǧ, ǯ |
j, g, ezh with caron |
voiced postalveolar affricate |
[d͡ʒ] |
Used by Americanists, Slavicists etc. |
| ẋ |
x with dot |
voiceless uvular fricative |
[χ] |
Used by Americanists |
 |
baby gamma |
close-mid back unrounded vowel |
[ɤ] |
rejected 1989; Unicode LATIN SMALL LETTER RAMS HORN (U+0264) represents either glyph |
| ᵻ / ᵿ |
barred small capital I / upsilon |
near-close central unrounded / rounded vowel |
[ɨ̞ / ʉ̞] |
used by the OED among others |
| Ǝ |
small capital turned E |
close-mid near-back unrounded vowel |
|
used by some Koreanologists who study Gyeongsang dialect, where there is no phonemic differentiation between /ʌ/ (RR eo; Hangul ㅓ) and /ɯ/ (RR eu; Hangul ㅡ). |
| ʚ |
closed epsilon |
open-mid central rounded vowel |
[ɞ] |
a misprint of ɞ |
| ɷ |
closed omega |
near-close near-back rounded vowel |
[ʊ] |
rejected 1989 |
| ω |
omega |
near-close near-back unrounded vowel |
[ʊ̜] |
Made by analogy to ɜ and ɞ from ɷ or ʊ symbol. |
| ı |
dotless small i |
near-close near-front unrounded vowel |
[ɪ] |
a mistake |
| ȹ ȸ |
|
voiceless and voiced labiodental plosive |
[p̪ b̪] |
used in Africanist linguistics |
| ∅ or Ø |
slashed 0 or uppercase slashed O |
null initial |
|
Usually used in phonology to mean "no sound values." However, in Chinese linguistics, some scholars considered it as "weak" glottal stop or something similar as sound value of the "existent" first consonant of syllables started by a vowel (e.g. ān in Tiān'ānmén), and this opinion can be connected with ㅇ (ieung) in hangul. ∅ can be confusing with close-mid front rounded vowel [ø]. |
| ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ |
hooktop P, T, C, K, Q |
voiceless implosives |
[ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̊] |
withdrawn in 1993 |
| ʇ |
turned T |
dental click |
[ǀ] |
superseded 1989 |
| ʗ |
stretched C |
alveolar click |
[ǃ] |
superseded 1989 |
| ʖ |
inverted glottal stop |
alveolar lateral click |
[ǁ] |
superseded 1989 |
| ʞ |
turned K |
velar click |
|
Proposed symbol withdrawn 1970; articulation judged impossible |
| ɩ |
small iota |
near-close near-front unrounded vowel |
[ɪ] |
rejected 1989 |
| ɼ |
long-leg R |
voiced strident apico-alveolar trill (Czech ř) |
[r̝] |
withdrawn 1989 |
| g |
looptail g |
voiced velar plosive |
[ɡ] |
The standard Unicode Basic Latin/ASCII lower-case g (U+0067) may have a "looptail g" glyph; the preferred IPA "open-tail g" (U+0261) is in the IPA Extensions Unicode block |
| ȣ |
ou |
close-mid back unrounded vowel or voiced velar fricative |
[ɤ] or [ɣ] |
a mistake in either case |
| я |
reversed ʀ or Cyrillic ya |
voiced epiglottal trill |
|
|
| ɿ |
reversed fishhook R / turned iota |
apical dental unrounded vowel |
[z̩] |
used by Sinologists, and by Japanologists studying the phonology of the Miyako language |
| ʅ |
squat reversed esh (actually ɿ with retroflex tail) |
apical retroflex unrounded vowel |
[ʐ̩] |
used by Sinologists. See Chinese vowels |
| ʮ |
turned h with fishhook |
apical dental rounded vowel |
[z̩ʷ] |
used by Sinologists |
| ʯ |
turned h with fishhook and tail |
apical retroflex rounded vowel |
[ʐ̩ʷ] |
used by Sinologists |
| ᴀ |
small capital A |
open central vowel |
any of [ä a̱ ɑ̈ ɑ̞ ɐ̞] |
used by Sinologists |
| ᴀ |
small capital A |
open back unrounded vowel |
[ɑ] |
superseded 1900 |
| ᴇ |
small capital E |
mid front unrounded vowel |
[e̞] or [ɛ̝] |
used by Sinologists and some Koreanologists |
| G R Πetc. |
uppercase letters |
|
[ɢ ʀ ɶ] etc. |
Uppercase alternatives to symbols shaped like small capitals |
| Q |
small capital Q |
gemination |
[kk tt] or [kː tː] etc. |
Used in Japanese phonology to represent the Sokuon. |
| |
belted |
Voiceless lateral fricatives (retroflex, palatal and velar) |
[ɭ̥̝ ʎ̥̝ ʟ̥̝] |
|
| ɑ̢ etc. |
underdot |
("retroflex" or r-colored vowels) |
[ɑ˞] etc. |
|
| ȡ ȶ ȵ ȴ etc. or d̂ t̂ n̂ l̂ etc. |
curl or circumflex |
alveolo-palatal |
|
used by Sinologists |
| k', etc. |
|
no audible release |
[k̚], etc. |
Withdrawn |
| d̡ t̡ etc. |
subscript left hook |
palatalization |
[dʲ tʲ] etc. |
superseded 1989 |
| k̫ etc. |
subscript w |
labialization |
[kʷ] etc. |
superseded 1989 |
| K P T etc. |
uppercase letters (not small capitals) |
fortis |
[k͈ p͈ t͈], etc. |
used by some Koreanologists |
| ɔ̗ / ɔ̖ etc. |
|
lower-pitched rising / falling tone contour |
|
In a language which distinguishes more than one rising or falling tone. |
| k‘ t‘ or kʻ tʻ |
left quote or reversed comma |
"weak" (or sometimes "normal") aspiration |
[k t] (sometimes [kʰ tʰ]) |
First symbol may be left single quotation mark (U+2018) or modifier letter apostrophe (U+02BC); second symbol may be single high-reversed-9 quotation mark (U+201B) or modifier letter reversed comma (U+02BD) |
| ʦ ʣ ʧ ʤ etc. |
ligatures |
affricates |
[ts dz tʃ dʒ] etc. or [t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ] etc. |
Formerly an acceptable variant |
| [p′] etc. |
prime |
palatalization |
[pʲ] etc. |
Traditional in accounts of Irish phonology |
